Stake R E 1995 The Art of Case Study Research Sage Pdf
Qualitative case written report methodology enables researchers to deport an in-depth exploration of intricate phenomena within some specific context. By keeping in mind research students, this website presents a comprehensive guide to to the case report methodology for all disciplines. The website contains information on key theorists and authors, practical awarding and a detailed reference list. https://commons.swinburne.edu.au/s/educationresearch_case_study_methodology
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Instance Study Methodology
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Nosotros would similar to
acknowledge the
Wadawurrung People of the
Kulin Nation, as the traditional
owners of the lands of Deakin
University. We wish to limited
our gratitude to the
Wadawurrung People for their
guardianship of this land, for
which nosotros have benefited. We
would like to pay our respects
to all elders of the Kulin
Nation, by, present and
emerging.
Whilst nosotros take engaged in
contemporary knowledge,
teaching and learning within
this context, we would also
similar to pay our respect to the
cognition embedded
forever within Ethnic
ways of knowing, and
Aboriginal Custodianship of
Country.
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About: Case Studies
WHAT IS A CASE Study?
Case written report is an empirical enquiry that
investigates by addressing the how or
why concerning the phenomenon.
"Cases are bound by time and activity,
and researchers collect detailed
information using a variety of information
drove procedures over a sustained
flow of fourth dimension" (Stake, 1995; Yin, 2009,
2012, 2014, as cited in Creswell &
Creswell, 2018, p. 14).
What is a instance? A conceptual map
1. Researchers see cases as
"empirically existent and bounded, but specific"
(Becker
& Ragin, 1992, p. 9). Merriam may view cases in this way.
2. In addition to #one, there is no demand to verify bounds or existence; cases are
general and typical Stake would perceive cases in this style
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general and typical. Stake would perceive cases in this mode.
iii. Researchers see cases as
"specific constructs which coagulate over the course
of the research"
(Becker & Ragin, 1992, p. 10)
4. Researchers, similar Yin, view constructions as the products of scholarly work
(Becker & Ragin, 1992, p. 10), as well-defined and well-structured research
methodology.
Co-ordinate to Stake (2005; p. 445-448) there are (3) types of case study:
Intrinsic Instrumental Commonage
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Key Theories and
Theorists
"Yin, Stake and Merriam are seen every bitthree foundational methodologists in
the area of instance study research whose methodological suggestions largely
bear upon educational researchers' decisions apropos case study pattern"
(Yazan, 2015, p. 134)
As a constructivist researcher, Stake insists that context is clarified, and must be
connected to the theme of the case (Ridder, 2020). In his 1995 volume, The Fine art of Case
Report Research, Stake quotes Finnish philosopher Georg Henrik von Wright 'southward (1971)
text "Explanation and Understanding" to make the indicate that a distinction between
what knowledge is sought is what separates quantitative and qualitative inquiry (p.
37).
"Understanding is...connected with intentionality in a mode that explanation is not"
(von Wright, 1971).
Von Wright goes on to acknowledge that although explanations are "intended to
promote understanding, and understanding is sometimes expressed in terms of
explanation – the ii aims are epistemologically quite different" (Stake, 1995; p. 38).
Pale posits that although qualitative researchers identify high priorities on direct
interpretation of events, which will be influenced by the researchers ain ontology,
case study researchers ardue east noninterventionists. Subjectivity is seen as an essential
element of understanding
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"All research is a search for
patterns, for consistencies"
(Stake, 1995, p. 44)
element of agreement.
When information technology comes to analysis and interpretation of case study research results, Stake and
Trumbull (1982) put forward the notion of "naturalistic generalization". Stake (1995)
argues that people learn past receiving generalizations, and form generalizations from
their experiences. These naturalistic generalizations are conclusions "arrived at
through personal engagement in life's affairs" (p. 85). Instance study researchers demand to
provide vicarious experience opportunities for readers, peradventure through narrative
accounts or personalistic descriptions.
Merriam notes that the unit of measurement of assay, not the topic of investigation, characterizes a
case study (Merriam & Tisdell, 2015). The phenomenon that the researcher is
interested in studying needs to be intrinsically bounded for it to exist a example. Merriam
argues that this sets the case study arroyo autonomously from other types of qualitative
enquiry, which are defined by the focus of the written report, not the unit of analysis.
Furthermore, Merriam states that particular philosophical assumptions that lend
themselves to qualitative approaches also foreground the case study methodology.
For example, the view that reality is constructed by individuals interacting with their
social worlds (1998, p. vi). She continues to define the example study arroyo as
looking at what is is non – it is not casework, example method, case history, or case
record (p. 32). She views the case written report equally a suitable blueprint if as a researcher yous
are interested in procedure, which can be viewed in two ways. The outset – monitoring;
describing the context, investigating the extent to which a program or handling has
been implemented, and providing immediate feedback. The 2d – causal
explanations; "discovering or confirming the process by which the treatment had
the effect that it did" (p. 33). Finally, Merriam argues, a case report might be chosen
for its uniqueness. Unique, or atypical, cases can provide us admission to the range of
the man experience, that might otherwise be silenced equally an outlier in a
quantitative approach.
Merriam (1998) states that all aspects of the case written report are affected past its theoretical
framework (p.47). Quoting Schwandt (1993, p. 7), Merriam notes "Atheoretical
research is incommunicable". No research written report could be designed without some
question being asked, and the style in which the question is phrased and formed
into a problem statement volition reverberate a theoretical orientation.
"{theory}...determines
what nosotros practise not run across, practice not
ask, and exercise not attend to"
(Merriam, 1998, p. 48).
As a positivist researcher Yin (2009) describes analytic processes in case study
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Adue south a positivist researcher, Yin (2009) describes analytic processes in instance study
research pattern, stemming from epistemological assumptions including the function of
the researcher in revealing scientific and true theories. In practice, Yin identifies "v
components of a inquiry design" for case study (p. 27), as well every bit the utilize of a
"instance study protocol" (p. lxxx-81).
The five components of a research pattern include:
a study'due south questions
its propositions, if any
its units of analysis
the logic linking the data to the propositions; and
the criteria for interpreting the findings
The instance report protocol, Yin notes, is much more than than a questionnaire or an
instrument, rather, information technology contains the instrument in addition to the procedures and rules
to exist followed in using the protocol. Yin argues that this greatly increases the
reliability of case study research.
Yin notes the importance of the case report researcher having a thorough
understanding of theories potentially applicable to their field of written report – including
individual, group, organizational, and societal theories (p. 37). In plow, the 5
components of a inquiry design embody a "theory" of what is being studied.
"The simple goal is to have
a sufficient blueprint for
your written report, and this
requires theoretical
propositions" (Yin, 2009, p.
36).
Other Key Authors
In addition to the three foundational
theoristsouthward mentioned above, we have
compiled a list of additional resources
from cardinal authors in the case study
methodology field.
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Helen Simons (2009)
Example
Written report Enquiry in Practice
View publications
Becker & Ragin (1992)
What is a case? Exploring
the Foundations of Social
Inquiry
View text
Gerring (2007)
Instance Report Inquiry:
Principles and Practices
View text
Creswell & Creswell (2017)
Research Design
View text
Flyvbjerg (2006)
5 Misunderstandings
about Case-Study Research
View text
Saville Kushner (2009)
Program Evaluation and
Example Study
View publications
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Epistemology and
Ontology
Ontology
"What exists in the man world that we can
learn knowledge about?"
Epistemology
"How exercise nosotros create knowledge?"
Paradigm
"What is the philosophical orientation of the
researcher that guides their research?"
Realism
One reality exists
Relativism
Multiple realities be
Naive realism
Structural realism
Critical realism
Bounded relativism
Relativism
"Significant exists within an object; an objective
reality exists in an object contained of the
subject area"
"Pregnant created from coaction betwixt the
subject and the object; subject
constructs
reality of object
"Meaning exists within the subject; subject
imposes significant on an object"
application: to understand
(Social) constructivism
Sharan Merriam
Robert Stake
advertising ap te d fr om Thou oodue north and Bla ckma n (two 014 )
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How nosotros believe the world exists (our ontology) volition be
interwoven with how we run across noesis existence created
and finding suitable ways of agreement it (our
epistemology) - Burton and Bartlett (2009, p. 17)
In this brusk podcast episode, Lara Varpio, Associate
Professor and Associate Director of Research, Graduate
Programs in Health Professions Education at
Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences in
Bethesda, MD, gets listeners up to speed with
qualitative inquiry approaches. The first resources she
points united states to is this article which explains research
paradigms clearly and effectively for early career
researchers.
Ayiro (2012; p. 63) defines epistemology as the philosophy of knowledge, or how we come to know. It poses the post-obit questions:
What is the human relationship betwixt the knower and what is known?
How we do we know what we know?
What counts every bit knowledge?
Researchers can approach cases from various epistemological locations. Various definitions of case studies highlight unlike roles for
researchers and share an emphasis on making sense of localized experienced by focusing on a case or a particular. For case,
understanding activity (Stake, 1995), creating "empirical descriptions" (Eisenhardt & Graebner, 2007), and critiquing and interpreting
evidence (Stenhouse, 1978) (Compton-Lilly, 2012).
The ascendant paradigms in case study methodology:
Positivist – the object of written report is independent of researchers (YIN)
Constructivist – knowledge is established through the meanings attached to the phenomena studied, and enquiry changes both researcher
and discipline. All research takes identify inside a prototype – said or unsaid. (STAKE; MERRIAM)
Ridder (2020, p. 131) argues case studies are conducive to a constructivist perspective considering they provide a more holistic, contextualised
story for the audition to engage with and connect to.
Yin (2009) describes analytic processes in case written report inquiry design, stemming from epistemological assumptions including the role of
the researcher in revealing scientific and truthful theories. Crotty (1998) notes three cardinal positivistic notions in research, including
objectivity, validity, and generalizability. Yazan (2015) identifies Yin's epistemological orientation through his commitment to these
concepts.
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Ontology is concerned with the philosophy of existence – what assumptions and beliefs do nosotros as researchers agree nigh the nature of
being? These beliefs can be organised along a spectrum from realism (one reality exists) to relativism (many realities exist), and information technology is along
this spectrum of ontology that 3 primal theorists, Yin, Pale, and Merriam, identify themselves and their ontological assumptions.
Asouthward noted in Harrison, Birks, Franklin and Mills (2017), Yin (2014) describes his approach to instance study every bit using a "realist perspective" (2014,
p. 17). His focus on maintaining objectivity through rigorous empirical methods is embedded in his adherence to several tactics to employ
validity and reliability in the case study approach. Towards the other terminate of the ontology spectrum sits Stake (1995). Stake acknowledges
that knowledge generated from the case study process is multiple and subjective, placing accent on the researcher capturing their
interpreted reality of the case (1995). Brown (2008) places Merriam in the centre of the continuum as she draws on elements of both
pragmaticism and constructivism – acknowledging that Merriam's approach is "informed by the rigor of Yin and enriched by the creative
interpretation described by Stake (p. 9)".
"An ontology is the answer one would requite to the question: What kind of things are there in the world?
" (Benton & Craib, 2004, p. iv).
Burton and Bartlett (2009) propose that researchers may see the earth as stock-still and clear, with set social structures that we each belong to,
or we may encounter the earth, and our position in it, as fluid and changing (p. 17).
Positivist
reality is objective and 'institute'
trust is one
discourse is structured and
transparent, reflecting reality
what is true? what can we
know?
communication every bit
transmission
cool scientific - "objective"
Interpretifiveisoutht
reality is subjective and
synthetic
truth is many
discourse is dialogic and
creates reality
what is heuristic? what tin can we
understand?
communication as transaction
natural, symbolic of
growth
Critical thdue eastory
reality is subjective and
constructed on the footing of
issues of ability
truth is many
discourse is embedded in and
controlled by rhetorical and
political purpose
what is just?
communication as determination
making
dynamic, action-oriented
Deastconorthsouthwardtructivist
reality is ultimately
unknowable
'truths' are socially
constructured
discourse is by nature
inseparable from its field of study
is in that location a truth?
critique the world
advice as challenging
the nature of communication
absence or denial of color
ad ap te d fr om 50 athe r, L. two00 half-dozen, p. three eight
EDX712 Theory and Methodology in Instruction Inquiry
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Emily Mischlewski | Ameena Payne | Leah Van Keulen
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Practical examples of
case study research
Interpret in context: Generalizing from the
single case in evaluation
Helen Simons
University of Southampton, UK
Abstruse
Events, situations, and extreme cases
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This article presents an argument for how to generalize from a single instance study evaluation
of a social program or policy, focusing on 2 essential elements of example study – context
and particularity. Taking an interpretivist perspective and cartoon on artistic and humanistic
ways of understanding, information technology examines both different ways of generalizing from the case that
retain a connection with the context in which they first arose and how we generalize by direct
run into with the particular. This argument is not new. It has its origins in earlier centuries
and, in contemporary evaluation, dating back to the 1970s. Nevertheless, in a political climate
that privileges evaluation approaches stemming from big sample studies and experimental
designs, information technology seems timely to recapitulate the value of generalizing from the single example. Grounded
in the reality of programme experience and retaining that connection with context and
particulars in the example facilitates the utilise of evaluation knowledge.
Simons, H. (2015). Interpret in context: Generalizing from the single example in evaluation.
Evaluation, 21(two), 173–188. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356389015577512
Panopticon - information technology'due south as creepy as it sounds
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The Architecture of Surveillance: The Panopticon Prison
Jeremy Bentham's Panopticon. via Wikimedia Eatables
The panopticon is an architectural pattern for a prison, used by Foucault (1977), a French
social historian, to explore how bailiwick was utilised by the state in mid-nineteenth-century
French republic (Promise, 2013; Flyvberg, 2006). Foucault (1977) drew upon the design, originally
published by Jeremy Bentham in 1791, as a powerful model for social assay, suggesting
that constant surveillance could encourage individuals to monitor and suit their own
behavior. Foucault discusses surveillance as merely one aspect of panopticism, as part of a
much wider soapbox of "disciplinary technology", regimes of control, labelling of
individuals, and keeping of records.
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The Wolfman - Sigmund Freud
Freud (1856-1939) was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, who, in
1918, wrote an in-depth, longitudinal case study virtually a patient – Sergei Pankejeff, aka, The
Wolfman (
From the History of an Infantile Neurosis
). Freud had developed a theory that the
unconscious is the largest part of our minds and therefore has the greatest influence on our
evolution. This particular case study informed more specifically the development of his
theory of psychosexual development. He used instance studies, gathering information from
psychoanalytic sessions with patients to effort to uncover unconscious wishes, thoughts,
desires, and fears. Much of Freud'southward analysis of The Wolfman centred on a dream that the
patient had as a immature child, a representation of which Pankejeff sketched.
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View
The Wolf Man'south Dream past Sergei Pankejeff
Sergei Pankejeff, 1965. © Freud Museum London
EDX712 Theory and Methodology in Teaching Research
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Benefits and Challenges
In that location are a bang-up deal of
benefits and challenges to exist
aware of when choosing case
study every bit your methodology.
Flexibility
Nosotros have discussed some of
the well-nigh prominently
encountered benefits and
challenges, to help prepare
you lot for your enquiry journeying.
Validity
Context Generalisability
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Accessibility Objectivity
Unique Strengths Reputation &
Consistency
Flexibility:
Example studies allow for a smashing range of flexibilityin regard tothepurpose,telescopic of the inquiry and methods employed.
Ridder (2020) notes that case studies are commonlycategorisedas a purely explanatory tool, even so in reality it has a far greater
range of applications and these are defined differently byexperts in the field:
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Intrinsic – a case is studied
out of a desire to acquire more
virtually a phenomenon
Instrumental – a case is
conducted to build on and
explore an existing written report or
surface area of interest
Commonage - a study is
conducted from more than than
one case. For case,
several cases may exist
observed at different schools,
and they are then studied
collectively
Exploratory – initial
research, seeking to find what
is there
Descriptive – has an objective
and sets out to provide a
thorough account of a
particular phenomena
Explanatory – attempts to
place factors that
contribute to the phenomena
Descriptive – ane that
presents a detailed business relationship of
the phenomenon under report
(e.g. a historical case)
Evaluative – involves
description, caption, and
judgement
Interpretive – descriptive but
so used to develop
conceptual categories, or to
illustrate, support, or
challenge theoretical
assumptions held prior to
data drove
Case studies can be designed different ways, depending on their purpose
Single case holistic designs
Single case embedded designs
Multiple case holistic designs
Multiple case embedded designs
(Yin, 2009, p. 39-53)
Instance studies tin can use many forms of data collection,including bothquantitative and qualitative methods..Yin listshalf-dozen possible
sources as:
Documents
Archival records
Interviews
Straight Observations
Participant ascertainment
Physical Artefacts
(Yin, 2003, p. 98)
Context:
Unlike many other forms of inquiry that present a narrow scope of data, case studies can provide a great bargain of context for the result/s
being represented (Miles, 2015). Case studies permit researchers to collect authentic information from the source of the discipline, in its natural
surround (Willis, 2007, p. 239). Longhofer, Floersch and Hartmann (2017) argue that this authenticity captures what it really ways to
be human whilst experiencing the studied phenomenon. It illustrates our fallibility, our capacity to let emotion rather than logic dictate
our choices and the nuances that influence every upshot.
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Accessibility:
Stories of experiences are relatable and engaging to an audience, beingness able to connect to the context can allow for greater depth of
understanding (Miles, 2015). "Instance studies often contain a substantial element of narrative. Skillful narratives typically approach the
complexities and contradictions of real life" (Flyvbjerg, 2006, p. 237). This context provides a depth and breadth of data that contributes
to an observer'southward ability to sympathize and make connections to the experiences existence examined. Stake (2009) explains that case studies
provide vicarious opportunities that permit the audition to benefit every bit they might had they lived the experience. As such, case studies lend
themselves well to the domains of social, pedagogy and medical research, where they are well utilised to simulate contextualised
phenomena to inspire reflection, discourse and professional development.
Unique Strengths:
Validity:
'Validity and reliability have been widely used as criteria for determining the quality of
qualitative research (Yin, 2003). Validity is concerned with the question of whether the
researcher is studying the phenomenon they purport to exist studying and reliability is
concerned with the question of whether the researcher is obtaining information on which she or he
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Example written report enquiry has been criticised every bit defective bookish rigour (Gerring, 2007). Inherently, there are limitations in case report research,
especially related to validity and reliability. Whilst it may non be possible to eliminate such limitations in full, we tin can certainly minimise
the touch of such limitations by adopting sure strategies and tactics. Yin (2009) encourages meticulous design to ensure the integrity
of the inquiry. He proposes that the following design tests will help to ensure that case studies encounter the standards of scientific research,
providing 'trustworthiness, brownie, confirmability and information dependability' (Yin, 2014, p. 51)
can rely.'
(McKinnon, 1988, p. 36)
C o n s t r u c t v a l i d i t y :
This test safeguards credibility by demonstratingthursdayat thdue east
researcher has defined specific paraone thousandeters of the
operational measuredue south. Beidue northg explicinformation technology about thdue east concepts to
be examinorthed and the data that will be united states of americaeastd to one thousandeasure them,
will substantiate impartiality (Yin, 201iv, p. five2).
Flyvbjerg's Strategies for the Selection of Samples and Cases(2006)provides some usefulconsiderations to help reach validity and
reliability.
However, information technology is worth noting that not all experts agree with this approach. Pale (1995) holds that rigid pattern stifles research that ought to
exist responsive to unforeseeable elements. Merriam (2015) argues that flexibility improves a qualitative written report,for instance, information analysis is
optimised if done meantime with the data collection. This allows the research to be reflexive and adapt future data collection to try to
ensure that all relevant and useful information volition exist gathered
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ensure that all relevant and useful data will be gathered.
Generalisability:
Another common challenge to the brownie of a instance study is the supposition that data collected from a single case cannot exist broadly
applied and generalised (Miles, 2015 p. 309). Stake (1995) admits that case studies are not optimal for generalisations, when compared to
sure other forms of research. Nonetheless, he also notes that instance studies have the capacity to uncover nuance, to identify detailed
patterns that can serve to enhance understandings and contribute to generalisations (Pale, 1995, pp. 7-8). Ultimately, the discussion on
generalisations in case study research is equally deep and broad as the complex variety of case studies out there. So much depends on the
individual written report, the researcher, called methods, objectives. Creswell (2014) argues that the brilliant analogy formed by a case report
allows for the audience to make their ain connections and generalisations, while Gerring (2007) posits that every instance report has an
element of both particularising and generalising to varying degrees. For more information on generalisability, please run across Helen Simons
(2009)article, '
Interpret in context: Generalizing from the single case in evaluation
'
So the particularizing/generalizing distinction is rightly understood as a
continuum, not a dichotomy. Instance studies typically partake of both worlds.
They are studies both of something particular and of something more than
general.
(Gerring, 2007, p. 76)
Objectivity:
In a enquiry methodology that requires human interpretation of a complex prepare of data, a sure amount of inferential bias is inescapable
(Maoz 2014). Business concern has been expressed, that that the quantity of data requiring estimation in example studies, creates greater
opportunities for bias toward verification of the researcher'due south preconceived notions (Flyvbjerg, 2006, p. 234).
Maoz (2014) asserts that all aspects of a case study must be transparent to secure the credibility of the research. From initial choices,
pattern and data analysis process, the audition must be able to read the research with an awareness of the authors' position, in order to
maintain a critical lens and to allow for replication. 1 could argue that these atmospheric condition ought to be met in all enquiry
methodologies, as subjectivism is an issue that concerns all research designs, qualitative and otherwise (Flyvbjerg, 2006, p. 235).
Yin'southward (2014) reliability test offers a solution that would piece of work to counter this quandary and sate Moaz'southward expectations.
Through use of a instance study database or detailed record, the researcher's choices and inferences can exist clearly
documented, thus allowing the audience to make an informed assay.
Reputation & Consistency:
Those who accept the time to understand the nature and
complexity of case studies are aware that this methodology
has the rigour to stand up beside otherrespected forms of
research. Nevertheless, diverse misconceptions about Yin (2018) notes that theaforementionedfallacious beliefs
tin can crusade case report research to be viewed equally less
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itsbookish adequacy persists with some scholars (Gerring,
2004).
favourable for funding grants. Researchers can fix for
this by being ready to defend their option, just it is a
potential claiming that isworth noting when selecting this
methodology.
The varied approaches and lack of consensus on
case written report protocols are probable to contribute to
some misunderstandings and scepticism in the
broader academic community (Yazan, 2015).
Robert Yin (2003, p. 102) provides strengths and weaknesses of data collection methods.
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Suitability
Suitability (Introduction)
Suitable questions
All research is undertaken to uncover patterns (Stake, 1995, p. 44) and depict and explicate variance in
the world. Enquiry questions for a instance study can exist both quantitative and qualitative, as empirical
units or theoretical constructs just often use terms that are conceptual. Quantitative researchers grasp
phenomenon in terms of descriptive variables, measurements and calibrations (i.east., numbers).
Conversely, "to sharpen the search for understanding, qualitative researchers perceive what is happening
in terms of key variables or testimonies and stand for happenings with their own direct estimation
and stories (i.east., narratives)" (Stake, 1995, p. 40).
Instance study method has a distinct advantage when the researcher is looking at the 'how', almost a contemporary set of events,
over which the researcher has little or no control (Yin, 2004 p. 13). Co-ordinate to Flyvbjerg (2006), example studies are misjudged
to exist most useful for hypothesis generation rather than hypothesis testing and theory building. The misunderstanding is
based on the misconception that generalisations cannot exist made based on individual cases. Flyvbjerg (2006) believes that
we can revise and right the misunderstanding, and "case study is useful for both generating and testing of hypotheses but
is not express to these research activities alone" (p. 229).
"Good research questions are especially of import for instance studies because example and context are infinitely complex and the
phenomena are fluid and elusive (Stake, 1995, p. 33). The best suited research questions for case study are "sharpened or
evolved issue questions that volition assist structure the observation, interviews, and document review" (Pale, 1995, p. 20). Issues
are abstruse; they are intricately weaved within historical, political, social and personal contexts. Issue questions may be
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statements such as cause and effect relationships (Stake, 1995, p. 18).
Warning: This video may potentially trigger seizures for people
with photosensitive epilepsy. Viewer discretion is advised.
Issues questions serve to provide a conceptual structure in the organisation of the case report. This example/narrative
approach allows for the case to exist fundamentally reconstructed (Becker & Ragin, 1992, p. 63). It is vital for researchers to
be open up to the evolution and evolution of their question as problems evolve and "emic issues emerge" (Pale, 1995, p.
20). An
emic perspective
serves to provide descriptive in-depth reports about how 'insiders' understand their practices.
"Qualitative research uses these narratives to optimize the opportunity of the reader to gain an experiential
agreement of the case" (Pale, 1995, p. 40). The language of variables becomes less appropriate in the
instance/narrative approach. A example study has a story to tell.
Suitable Methods
Transcript
In standard positivist assay, population/analytic views applied to cases may accomplish very little (Becker &
Ragin, 1992, p. 62). Such example studies may investigate several hypotheses through analytic narrative statements
where the variables act every bit subjects (Becker & Ragin, 1992, p. 57). An example is Halaby and Weakliem's (1989)
Worker Control and Attachment to the Firm. In these narratives, the subjects 'do something' (thought to exist
causality). Perhaps it is unexpected; thus, the steps (and variables) in the narrative chain rise; however,
methodological restrictions allow simply one narrative "which must encompass the stories of all the cases, although the
search for alternating variables betokens a covert assumption that causality is logically dependent on narration"
(Becker & Ragin, 1992, p. 57). The case contributes little beyond poor information and limited decision-making. In
contrast, the case/narrative arroyo "can mix demographic and (variable-type) analytic happenings in means
forbidden by the instance concept implicit in the population/analytic studies" (Becker & Ragin, 1992, p. 63). In single-
case studies such as Shaw's (1930) Stanley the Jack Roller narrative is involved The offset pace in unmarried example
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case studies, such as Shaw south (1930) Stanley the Jack Roller, narrative is involved. The start step in single-instance
ti i t d fi d li it th t " t fifty bj t bl " (B g & R i 1992 62)
'Instance study enquiry allows challenging research
questions to be addressed using multiple sources of
data or evidence' (Remenyi, 2004, p. 16).
Six (6) common sources of prove in conducting case studies (Yin, 2014):
Direct
observations Interviews Archival records
Documents Participant
observations Concrete artifacts
Each source has strengths and weaknesses. More than data in Benefits and Challenges.
Flyvbjerg (2006, p. 229) has outlined strategies for the choice of
samples and cases.
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Restrictions and Ethics
Restrictions
Ideals
Transparency & wellbeing
Case study research is oft conducted on site, in
education this commonly means in schools. Inbound these
spaces with the intent to detect necessitates an
invasion of personal space and privacy It is important
Participant privacy
Another important consideration for instance study
researchers is how to manage the sensitive information
gathered. Researchers are likely to be exposed to and
collect many detailed accounts of the research subject
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invasion of personal space and privacy. Information technology is important
that researchers prepare a cursory, an attainable and
transparent account of the written report, and then that participants
and people responsible for those spaces are able to requite
informed consent (Pale, 1995, pp. 57-58). In relation to
children or vulnerable people in item, not merely is a
higher level of ethical approval needed for the written report, but
parental/guardian consent is also required in about
situations. Roller & Lavrakas (2015, p. 305) notation that
some researchers might exist hesitant to divulge details of
the enquiry programme as to avoid influencing the participants
and compromising the authenticity of the data. They get
on to stress that the wellbeing of the participants much
exist the first priority for the researcher. Honestly is a primal
factor in research ideals and then any planned charade
relating to the research purpose would requireast a solid
justification to succeed in the complex ethics approval
process that it would need to go through.
Exist alert to evolving situations
Researchers ought to exist aware of the potential
relationships that can build between themselves and any
participants over the course of the study. This is
especially important when the participants may have
called to share vulnerabilities or take developed an
emotional investment in the projection. Roller & Lavrakas
(2015, pp. 305-306) recommend a scheduled debriefing
session at the end of the data collection phase, to let
all parties to share how they are feeling, for the
participants to ask questions and for the researchers to
ensure that the participants feel adequately supported.
Awareness of bias
Yin (2014, p. xc) warns that it is imperative for example
study researchers to be aware their own bias whilst
conducting a report, in order to avoid consciously or
subconsciously attempting to validate preconceived
notions. He goes on to explicate that it is a researcher's
ethical responsibleness to avoid bias insofar as is possible
within all stages of the projection.
Academic integrity
To a higher place and across all specific and technical
requirements that must be met, to maintain high ethical
standards, a researcher should act with integrity and
academic scholarship. This includesdemonstrating
respect and consideration for all participants, peers and
utilised enquiry that has been authored by other
academics (Yin, 2014, p. 92).
collect many detailed accounts of the inquiry subject area,
all such data needs to be handled with care and
confidentiality. This would likely include striking a
balance between maintaining all pertinent information, omitting
or de-identifying other information where possible and
prioritising the privacy agreements made with all
relevant parties (Roller & Lavrakas, 2015, pp. 304-305).
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Emily is an early childhood
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ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any citations for this publication.
In this special issue we take asked the contributors to make a case for the example report. The invitee editors, Jeffrey Longhofer, Jerry Floersch and Eric Hartmann, intergrate ideas from beyond the disciplines to explore the complexties of case study methods and theory. In didactics, Gary Thomas explores the importance of ethnographic case studies in understanding the relationships amid schools, teachers, and students. Lance Dodes and Josh Dodes use the case report to articulate a psychoanalytic approach to addiction. In policy and generalist exercise, Nancy Cartwright and Jeremy Hardie elaborate a model for a case-by-case approach to prediction and the swampy basis prediction serves up to practitioners. Christian Salas and Oliver Turnbull persuasively write about the role of the case study in neuro-psychoanalysis and illustrate it with a case vignette. In political science, Sanford Schram argues for a bottom up and ethnographic approach to studying policy implementation by describing a case of a habitation buying programme in Philadelphia. Eric Hartman queers the case written report by articulating its role in deconstructing normative explanations of sexuality. In applied psychology, Daniel Fishman describes a comprehensive applied psychology perspective on the paradigmatic case report. Richard Miller and Miriam Jaffe offering the states important ways of thinking about writing the instance study and the use of multi-media. Each contributor brings a unique perspective to the utilize of the instance study in their field, nevertheless they share practical and philosophical assumptions.
Over the last forty years, case study research has undergone substantial methodological development. This evolution has resulted in a businesslike, flexible research approach, capable of providing comprehensive in-depth agreement of a various range of bug across a number of disciplines. Modify and progress have stemmed from parallel influences of historical transformations in approaches to research and individual researcher's preferences, perspectives, and interpretations of this design. Researchers who accept contributed to the development of case study inquiry come up from diverse disciplines with different philosophical perspectives, resulting in a diversity of definitions and approaches. For the researcher new to using case study, such variety tin can create a confusing platform for its application. In this article, we explore the evolution of instance study research, discuss methodological variations, and summarize primal elements with the aim of providing guidance on the available options for researchers wanting to utilise example written report in their work. URN: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs1701195
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![Bent Flyvbjerg]()
This commodity examines five common misunderstandings about instance-study inquiry: (1) Theoretical cognition is more valuable than practical knowledge; (two) One cannot generalize from a single case, therefore the unmarried case study cannot contribute to scientific development; (iii) The case study is most useful for generating hypotheses, while other methods are more suitable for hypotheses testing and theory edifice; (four) The case study contains a bias toward verification; and (5) It is oftentimes hard to summarize specific case studies. The article explains and corrects these misunderstandings 1 by one and concludes with the Kuhnian insight that a scientific discipline without a large number of thoroughly executed case studies is a discipline without systematic production of exemplars, and that a subject area without exemplars is an ineffective one. Social scientific discipline may exist strengthened by the execution of more good case studies.
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![Rebecca Miles-Keogh]()
While case study is considered a common approach to examining specific and detail examples in inquiry disciplines such as law, medicine and psychology, in the social sciences case report is ofttimes treated as a bottom, flawed or undemanding methodology which is less valid, reliable or theoretically rigorous than other methodologies. Building on discussions of case study in recent years, I argue that case study generates accounts of exercise in educational inquiry, which provide noesis of feel that has conceptual contribution to enquiry understandings of exercise. The complexity situated in analysing and representing practise through instance report enquiry, along with the connections that the reader makes between the case and their experiences, is powerful in working to inform everyday educational practice.
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![A. Biba Rebolj]()
This article presents the case study as a type of qualitative enquiry. Its aim is to requite a detailed description of a example study – its definition, some classifications, and several advantages and disadvantages – in order to provide a better agreement of this widely used type of qualitative arroyo. In comparison to other types of qualitative research, example studies take been piddling understood both from a methodological bespeak of view, where disagreements exist near whether case studies should be considered a research method or a inquiry type, and from a content signal of view, where there are ambiguities regarding what should exist considered a case or research subject. A cracking emphasis is placed on the disadvantages of instance studies, where we try to refute some of the criticisms concerning case studies, particularly in comparison to quantitative research approaches.
- Sharan B. Merriam
Rev.& expanded from Instance study research in teaching,1988.Incl.bibliographical references,alphabetize
- M.D. Pereira
- R. Vallance
A curriculum initiative project was implemented in four schools in Singapore over a span of 5 to 6 weeks during 2004. The project employed a number of different schools: girls only, boys only and co-educational schools; different levels of performance in a graded situation; multiple teachers and classes inside each site; and command and experimental conditions for the curriculum implementation. In conducting research in the diverse schools, there was besides an opportunity to study the interactions between action research and multiple site case studies. Though action enquiry and example studies are oft used in education to research curriculum initiatives, their interactions are seldom explored. Moreover, the practical benefits and challenges of multiple site case studies in action enquiry are little discussed. In this paper, the interactions betwixt action enquiry and multiple site case studies as well as the practical and theoretical benefits and challenges are explored. By examining the detail benefits and challenges presented past this project, information technology is hoped that this paper will contribute to a better understanding of multiple site case report action research through describing the practical benefits and challenges, also as the theoretical advantages and disadvantages, of multiple site action research case studies, and the means used to overcome the challenges that arose during the course of the case studies.
Source: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349009429_Qualitative_research_methods_Case_study_methodology_website
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